Bone-Grafting Materials in Oral Surgery: Classification, Biological Properties, and Clinical Application

Аннотация

Background. The rapid development of dental implantology and reconstructive oral surgery has significantly
increased the demand for reliable and predictable methods of restoring maxillofacial bone volume. Alveolar ridge atrophy,
inflammatory diseases, trauma, and surgical interventions frequently result in severe bone deficiencies that compromise
successful patient rehabilitation.
Objective. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of contemporary bone-grafting materials by evaluating
their classification, biological properties, tissue-engineering mechanisms, and clinical applications in oral surgery.
Methods. A comprehensive review of recent national and international scientific literature was conducted. Particular attention
was paid to the comparative assessment of autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, and synthetic bone substitutes,
focusing on their osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive characteristics.
Results. The review highlights the specific biological behavior of different grafting materials. Autogenous bone remains
the gold standard because it possesses the complete triad of regenerative properties, despite the risk of donor-site
morbidity. Xenogeneic and synthetic materials, including hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate, exhibit high biocompatibility,
predictable physicochemical stability, and excellent volume preservation, making them highly effective for sinus
augmentation and socket preservation procedures.
Conclusion. Successful bone augmentation largely depends on the individualized selection of grafting materials, taking
into account defect size, local vascularization, and the patient’s systemic health status. A thorough understanding of the
biological and clinical properties of these materials is essential for dental students and practicing oral surgeons to achieve
predictable treatment outcomes